Putting the Cost of Law School on Trial

Why ROI Matters More for Today’s Law Students 

Law school has always involved a tradeoff, high upfront costs in exchange for higher long-term earnings. What has changed is the margin for error. With Grad PLUS loans ending for new borrowers in 2026, federal borrowing caps tightening, and income-driven repayment options shrinking, students have less room to navigate their way out of a poor return on investment.

That makes one question unavoidable before enrolling, given my likely career outcomes, how much debt is actually reasonable to take on?

The answer depends heavily on where you go to school, what type of law you plan to practice, and how you expect to repay your loans. 

The ROI of a Law Degree Is Real, but Uneven 

On average, a Juris Doctor still delivers higher lifetime earnings than stopping at a bachelor’s degree. But averages are misleading. Law school outcomes are extremely skewed.

Law school salaries follow what is known as a bi-modal distribution, meaning there are two major salary clusters and very little in between.

Data from the  National Association for Law Placement’s Class of 2024 report shows a large concentration of graduates earning around $80,000 and another around $225,000, largely reflecting Big Law compensation. While the average salary is roughly $126,000, very few graduates actually earn that amount. The median salary sits closer to $95,000.

School choice matters enormously. One report suggests that graduates from the highest-outcome law schools may see nearly $10 million more in lifetime earnings, while the lowest-performing schools may offer little or even negative ROI compared to the roughly $2.8 million projected lifetime return of a bachelor’s degree.

When evaluating schools, it is critical to review required disclosures on employment outcomes, bar passage, and admissions, which the ABA mandates schools publish on their websites. Free tools from organizations like AccessLex Institute also allow side-by-side comparisons across multiple schools. While schools are not required to publish salary data, many reputable programs include NALP survey results alongside their ABA disclosures. 

Why Debt Level Matters as Much as Earnings 

According to the American Bar Association and AccessLex Institute's recent survey of young lawyers , roughly 90 percent of law students borrow to complete law school, with average law school debt around $120,000 before accounting for undergraduate loans or interest.

Borrowing $120,000 to $140,000 can easily result in monthly payments well above $1,000 on longer-term plans, and significantly higher on shorter ones. For a new lawyer earning $65,000 to $75,000, that can consume a large share of take-home pay.

This is why many financial planners suggest a rough guideline that total student debt should not exceed your expected first-year salary. 

While imperfect, it provides a quick reference point for assessing risk. When making this decision, it is also important to consider school-based Loan Repayment Assistance Programs and whether your career path may qualify for Public Service Loan Forgiveness. 

Income-Driven Repayment Helps, but It Is Not Magic 

Historically, many law graduates relied on income-driven repayment to manage large balances early in their careers. Those plans still exist in modified form, but options are narrowing.

The new Repayment Assistance Plan bases payments on income and prevents balances from growing due to unpaid interest, which can help with short-term cash flow. However, forgiveness timelines without PSLF are long, and rising income over time can still lead to substantial total repayment.

Income-driven plans reduce short-term pressure, but they do not necessarily reduce long-term cost. 

How the End of Grad PLUS Changes ROI Calculations 

Much of the historical debt data for law schools comes from an era when students could borrow up to the full cost of attendance through Grad PLUS loans. That safety valve is going away.

Starting in 2026, federal borrowing for JD students will be capped at $50,000 per year, lifetime federal limits may not cover the full cost at many private law schools, and more students may need private loans, savings, or scholarships to bridge funding gaps.

Because private loans often lack income-driven repayment and forgiveness options, the consequences of overborrowing become more severe. In this environment, attending a high-cost law school with uncertain outcomes is riskier than it was in the past. 

Common ROI Mistakes Law Students Make 

Many students assume all accredited law schools deliver similar outcomes, focus on median salaries without accounting for debt levels, ignore interest that accrues during school and capitalizes at graduation, or treat repayment flexibility as guaranteed rather than policy-dependent. Each of these assumptions can materially distort ROI expectations. 

Practical Takeaways Before Committing 

Before enrolling, compare schools based on net cost after scholarships rather than sticker price. Review employment outcomes and salary distributions, not just averages. Stress-test repayment using conservative salary assumptions. Be especially cautious about private borrowing above federal limits, particularly if you are pursuing a lower-paying field of law or relying on PSLF. 

Where Juno Can Fit In 

As borrowing limits tighten, some students will need to evaluate private loans more carefully. Juno acts as a group negotiating platform, helping students access lower interest rates on private student loans and improving their likelihood of qualifying.

Joining the Juno  JD Negotiation group is free and carries no obligation to borrow. Members are notified when loans for the 2026-2027 academic year are negotiated and can check rates with no impact to their credit score. 

Law school can still be a strong investment, but only when cost aligns with realistic career paths. For many students, the most important ROI decision happens before they ever step into a classroom.